隨著智能紡織和可穿戴電子設備的迅猛發展,如何將高性能的能源存儲單元柔性化、集成化,已成為紡織材料與能源科學交叉領域的前沿課題。傳統的硬質液態電池難以滿足織物在彎曲、折疊甚至拉伸狀態下的性能需求。近日,浙江理工大學紡織科學與工程學院(國際絲綢學院)胡毅教授團隊,從天然竹子的結構中汲取靈感,成功開發了一種仿生竹節結構復合固態電解質。這項創新性研究將纖維結構與電池電解質巧妙結合,為柔性可穿戴儲能提供了全新的解決方案。該成果以《Biomimetic Bamboo-Node-Inspired Composite Electrolyte with Hierarchical Ion Pathways for Safe and High-Performance Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries》為題,在國際權威期刊《Advanced Functional Materials》(影響因子19.0)上發表。論文第一作者為浙江理工大學紡織科學與工程學院(國際絲綢學院)博士研究生李德華,通訊作者為浙江理工大學博士生導師胡毅教授。

隨著便攜式電子設備和智能紡織品的快速發展,對兼具高安全性、高能量密度和長壽命的新型電池需求日益迫切。全固態鋰金屬電池(SSLMBs)因其固有的安全性和高能量密度潛力,被視為下一代電池技術的重要方向。然而,傳統復合固態電解質(CSEs)因高聚合物結晶度、無機填料團聚以及不均勻的界面結構等固有缺陷,阻礙了其離子導電性的提升。為解決這些問題,浙江理工大學胡毅教授團隊從天然竹子“中空通道引導、竹節強化”的分級結構中獲得靈感,開發了一種仿生竹節結構復合固態電解質(PHLM-CSE)。在紡織領域,纖維和紗線是構建織物的基礎,其結構直接決定了材料的性能。研究團隊將這一理念遷移到電池電解質的設計中:利用靜電紡絲這一紡織品制備的常用技術,將聚合物(PVDF-HFP)與無機填料(LLZTO)復合,紡制出三維多孔納米纖維骨架。提供了優異的機械柔韌性和連續的離子傳導路徑。隨后,通過原位自組裝在纖維表面周期性地沉積ZIF-8顆粒,形成了類似“竹節”的微/納米增強區域。這些“竹節”不僅顯著提高了電解質膜的機械強度,還建立了高效的界面離子傳輸通道。

機理示意圖:仿生竹節結構復合固態電解質(PHLM-CSE)及其分級離子傳輸通道的示意圖。
如圖1所示,SEM結果顯示:純PVDF-HFP纖維表面光滑,而摻雜LLZTO后表面出現微納級突起(圖1b),證明無機顆粒成功嵌入纖維,構成穩定“主干”骨架。經原位自組裝后,ZIF-8晶體均勻分布于纖維表面,無明顯團聚(圖1c–d),TEM進一步驗證了其均勻沉積特征(圖1e–f)。氮氣吸附–脫附測試表明,ZIF-8具有高比表面積(1443.5 m2/g)和分級孔結構,有利于鋰離子傳輸(圖1h)。在PEO-LiTFSI澆筑后,所得PHLM-CSE膜表面致密、無裂紋(圖1g),顯著優于直接澆筑的PEO膜。XRD與FTIR結果(圖1i–j)進一步確認了LLZTO的嵌入和ZIF-8的成功原位生長。

Figure 1. Structural design and morphological analysis of the PHLM-CSE composite solid-state electrolyte. (a) Schematic illustration of the three-dimensional architecture of the PHLM-CSE and the proposed mechanism by which MOF facilitates Li+ transport; (b) SEM image of the PVDF-HFP/LLZTO nanofiber membrane (PHL), scale bar : 2 μm; (c) SEM image of the PHL-Zn nanofiber membrane after Zn2+ ion adsorption, scale bar: 2 μm; (d) SEM image of the PHLM nanofiber membrane following in situ MOF growth, scale bar: 1 μm; (e, f) TEM images of the PHLM nanofiber membrane highlighting internal structure; (g) SEM image of the surface morphology of the PHLM-CSE electrolyte, scale bar: 2 μm. Inset: photograph image of the as-prepared membrane; (h) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm of the as-prepared ZIF-8 measured at 77.3 K; (i) XRD patterns of the PHLM-CSE electrolyte, PHLM and PHL membranes, pristine PVDF-HFP, ZIF-8, and LLZTO. Key diffraction peaks for PVDF-HFP, LLZTO, and ZIF-8 are indicated by dotted lines and arrows for clarity; (j) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the PHL, ZIF-8, and PHLM nanofiber membranes.
如圖2所示,PHLM-CSE因MOF引入表現出更低的Tg(-36.6 °C)和更高的Tm(58.0 °C),兼具離子遷移性與熱穩定性。其斷裂強度和楊氏模量顯著提升,具備更優抗枝晶能力。電學性能方面,PHLM-CSE展現出更高介電常數、更強鹽解離能力,在50 ℃下電導率達5.04 × 10-4 S·cm-1,并具備5.1 V的寬電化學窗口,綜合性能均優于對照組。

Figure 2. Structural features and electrochemical performance of the PHLM-CSE composite electrolyte membranes. (a) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of PHL-CSE and PHLM-CSE electrolytes, highlighting their glass transition temperature (Tg) ; (b) DSC curves of PHL-CSE and PHLM-CSE in the higher-temperature region, illustrating thermal stability; (c) Stress-strain curves of PHL-CSE, PHLM-CSE, and PEO-LiTFSI electrolytes, revealing mechanical strength and flexibility; (d) Frequency-dependent dielectric constant (εr) of PEO-LiTFSI, PHL-CSE, and PHLM-CSE electrolytes; (e) FTIR spectra of PHL, PHLM and pristine PVDF-HFP membranes, demonstrating polymer phase characteristics and structural features; (f) Arrhenius plots of ionic conductivity (σ) versus temperature for PHLM-CSE electrolytes with varying LLZO contents; (g) Comparative ionic conductivity-temperature profiles of PEO-LiTFSI, PHL-CSE, and PHLM-CSE electrolytes; (h) Bar graph comparing the lithium-ion migration activation energy (Ea) across different electrolytes; (i) Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves evaluating the electrochemical stability window of the investigated membranes.
如圖3所示,PHLM-CSE在50 °C下表現出快速穩定的恒壓極化曲線,其鋰離子遷移數高達0.64,遠高于PHL-CSE(0.26)和PEO-LiTFSI(0.14)(圖3a,b)。EIS結果顯示其界面阻抗更低且長期穩定(圖3c),交換電流密度達14.2 μA cm-2(圖3d),并在0.8 mA cm-2下保持穩定電壓平臺(圖3e),說明其具備優異的界面動力學和更高的臨界電流密度,有效抑制鋰枝晶生長。從電子結構上看,PVDF-HFP的低HOMO能級賦予體系良好抗氧化性,而ZIF-8與LiTFSI的低LUMO能級有助于優先形成穩定SEI(圖3f)。其非均勻靜電勢分布(圖3g)與較高結合能(圖3h)進一步提升界面穩定性與Li+選擇性遷移效率。

Figure 3. Electrochemical properties and interfacial stability analysis of the PHLM-CSE composite solid-state electrolyte. (a) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of the PHLM-CSE-based cell, with the inset displaying the corresponding electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data; (b) Comparison of lithium-ion transference numbers (tLi+) for PEO-LiTFSI, PHL-CSE, and PHLM-CSE electrolytes; (c) Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) of symmetric Li|PEO-LiTFSI|Li, Li|PHL-CSE|Li, and Li|PHLM-CSE|Li cells, reflecting interfacial resistance; (d) Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves used to evaluate the electrochemical stability windows of different electrolytes; (e) Critical current density (CCD) measurements of Li|Li symmetric cells with PEO-LiTFSI, PHL-CSE, and PHLM-CSE electrolytes; (f) Molecular structures and corresponding HOMO-LUMO energy level diagrams of PVDF-HFP, PEO, LiTFSI, and ZIF-8; (g) Electrostatic potential distribution map of ZIF-8, indicating charge localization characteristics; (h) Binding energies (Eb) and optimized configurations of ZIF-8 interacting with PEO, PVDF-HFP, and their binary complex.
如圖4所示,PHLM-CSE中TFSI-以解離態為主(83.3%),明顯高于PHL-CSE(71.2%)和PEO-LiTFSI(20.4%)(圖4a),表明MOF可削弱Li+–TFSI-作用、提升鹽解離效率。MD模擬顯示PHLM-CSE的Li+ MSD曲線斜率最高(圖4c),RDF與CN結果(圖4d,e)進一步證實其為Li+提供弱配位環境和有序擴散通道,從而顯著增強遷移能力。在Li|Li對稱電池中,PHLM-CSE循環穩定性超過2700圈(圖4f),遠優于PHL-CSE(1220圈)和PEO-LiTFSI(239圈)。XPS與EDS分析(圖4h、S22)表明PHLM-CSE界面生成均勻的LiF主導SEI膜,抑制TFSI-分解并提升離子遷移效率。形貌表征(圖4h–j)和原位顯微觀察(圖4k)均顯示其界面平整、無枝晶形成,進一步驗證了其卓越的界面穩定性與抗枝晶能力。

Figure 4. Investigation of lithium-ion transport behavior and interfacial stability in PHLM-CSE composite solid-state electrolytes. (a) Raman spectra of PEO-LiTFSI, PHL-CSE, and PHLM-CSE composite electrolytes, highlighting variations in ion coordination environments; (b) Snapshot from a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the PHLM-CSE model system; (c) Mean squared displacement (MSD) curves of Li+ in PEO-LiTFSI, PHL-CSE, and PHLM-CSE electrolytes, reflecting ion mobility; (d) Radial distribution functions (RDFs) and coordination environments between Li+ and TFSI- in various electrolytes; (e) RDFs and coordination environments between Li+ and ether oxygen (–O–) atoms in the EO segments; (f) Galvanostatic cycling performance of Li|Li symmetric cells with PHLM-CSE, PHL-CSE, and PEO-LiTFSI electrolytes at 0.1 mA cm-2. (g) enlarged voltage profiles near the short-circuit or failure points in Li|PEO-LiTFSI|Li, Li|PHLM-CSE|Li, and Li|PHL-CSE|Li cell; (h) F 1s core-level XPS spectra of Li anodes after 100 cycles with different electrolytes; (i) SEM images of Li metal surfaces after cycling; (j) Two-dimensional laser confocal microscopy imagesshowing cycled surface morphology; (k) Three-dimensional laser confocal microscopy reconstructions of Li metal surfaces following long-term cycling.
如圖5所示,LiFePO?|PHLM-CSE|Li電池在0.2–2 C下保持高比容量(144.2→83.3 mAh g-1),倍率恢復良好(圖5a,b),循環200圈后容量保持率達97.2%(圖5c),在1 C下可穩定運行600圈以上。進一步在NCM811體系中,PHLM-CSE電池在1 C下循環800圈后仍保持95.2%容量(圖5e,f),顯著優于PHL-CSE和PEO體系,且表現出寬溫適應性(20–60 °C)。這種優勢源于MOF促進鹽解離與Li+遷移,以及LLZTO增強界面穩定性和力學強度。在應用方面,基于PHLM-CSE的柔性軟包電池在彎折、折疊、穿刺及火焰暴露下仍能穩定驅動LED(圖5g),并在集成至肌電傳感器與智能終端中表現出穩定供電(圖5h,i)。其在0.2 C下容量約170 mAh g-1,庫侖效率>99%,兼具高能量密度、安全性和柔性,展示了在可穿戴能源系統中的廣闊應用前景。

Figure 5. Electrochemical performance and flexible applications of PHLM-CSE-based solid-state lithium metal batteries. (a) Rate capability and (b) corresponding charge–discharge profiles of LiFePO4|PHLM-CSE|Li full cells at various current densities. (c) Long-term cycling performance at 0.2 C and (d) corresponding voltage profiles. (e) Cycling stability of NCM811|PHLM-CSE|Li, NCM811|PHL-CSE|Li, and NCM811|PEO-LiTFSI|Li full cells at 1 C, and (f) their voltage profiles. (g) Optical images showing stable operation of a pouch cell under flat, folded, cut, and punctured conditions. (h,i) Demonstration of the pouch cell powering an electromyography (EMG) sensor and a smartphone, respectively.
總之,本研究受竹節結構啟發,構建了仿生復合固態電解質(PHLM-CSE)。通過靜電紡絲與原位ZIF-8組裝形成連續離子通道和穩固網絡,顯著提升了離子傳輸與力學強度。PHLM-CSE在50 °C下具備高離子導電率(5.0 × 10-4 S·cm-1)、高遷移數(0.64)、寬電化學窗口(5.1 V)和優異力學性能。電池測試顯示其兼具長壽命(對稱電池>3400 h)、高穩定性(NCM811全電池800圈保持率95.2%)及柔性應用潛力,為實現高性能、本征穩定的固態鋰金屬電池提供了新思路。
在此,感謝浙江省自然科學基金項目(LY21E030023)和浙江理工大學嵊州創新研究院基金項目(SYY2024C000008)的支持!
通訊作者簡介:胡毅,男,博士,教授,博士生導師。浙江理工大學紡織科學與工程學院(國際絲綢學院)副院長,主要從事非水介質染整新技術和柔性電子智能紡織品研究。以第一作者或通訊作者在Advanced Functional Materials, Energy Storage Materials,Advanced Fiber Materials, Nano Letters, Nano Energy等刊物上發表SCI論文70余篇,授權和轉化國家發明專利30余項。獲得國家級教學成果二等獎和浙江省教學成果特等獎各1項;主持獲得中國紡織工業聯合會教學成果一、二、三等獎,浙江省自然科學獎三等獎和中國商業聯合會科技進步獎二等獎各1項。
原文鏈接:https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202514738
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