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  導電水凝膠是構建柔性傳感器和可穿戴電子的重要材料，可在彎曲、拉伸等形變條件下實現信號傳導和人體運動監測。為提高其導電性和穩定性，以往的工作通常采用PEDOT:PSS分散液作為導電填料。然而，PSS屬于石化基聚合物，帶來不可再生和不可降解的問題，同時PEDOT:PSS分散液在凍干或長時間存儲后容易聚集沉淀，嚴重限制了其應用。此外，水凝膠在低溫環境下往往會因水分結冰而失去柔韌性和導電性，導致傳感性能衰減。如何同時實現 綠色可持續性、高導電性、力學韌性以及極端環境適應性，仍是導電水凝膠面臨的關鍵挑戰。

  針對這一問題，近日，中國林業科學研究院林產化學工業研究所儲富祥研究員團隊提出了一種基于高取代度硫酸化纖維素（Sulfated Cellulose，SC）的綠色穩定策略。研究人員通過均相硫酸化制備了高取代度SC，并以其為穩定劑和反應模板，誘導3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩（EDOT）原位氧化聚合，獲得了穩定的PEDOT:SC分散液。該分散液不僅具備優異的膠體穩定性和導電性（1.75 S/cm），還可在凍干后實現完全再分散。在此基礎上構建出兼具高強度（伸長率650%、強度390 kPa）、高導電性（52.4 mS/cm）、抗凍（–20 °C 仍具41.7 mS/cm和900%拉伸率）及強粘附性的多功能水凝膠（圖1）。該材料不僅能在極端條件下靈敏監測人體運動，還可輸出莫爾斯電碼實現“SOS”等應急通信，為極端環境可穿戴電子和柔性傳感器提供了新型材料平臺。

Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation process of SC and PEDOT:SC dispersions. (b) Fabrication process of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel. (c) Illustration of the motion-sensing performance of the hydrogel at 25?°C and –20?°C.

  圖1說明了以高取代度硫酸化纖維素穩定PEDOT分散液，并構建具備強韌性、導電性和抗凍性的多功能水凝膠的設計策略。

Figure 2. (a) Sulfur content, (b) degree of substitution and yield, and (c) FTIR spectra of SC samples prepared at different reaction times.

  圖2通過結構分析驗證SC的成功制備，以及對其取代度的驗證，證明其能夠作為PEDOT的綠色穩定劑。

Figure 3. (a) FTIR spectra of PEDOT and PEDOT:SC samples prepared with varying SC contents. (b) Raman spectra of PEDOT:SC with different SC contents. (c) XRD patterns of SC, PEDOT, and PEDOT:SC. (d) UV–Vis absorption spectra of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with different SC contents (solution concentration: 0.01 wt.%). (e) Zeta potentials of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with varying SC contents. (f) Particle sizes of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with different SC contents. (g) Photographs showing the storage stability of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with different SC contents after 30 days at 4?°C. (h) Schematic illustration of the freeze-drying and redispersion process of PEDOT:SC. (i) Electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:SC with varying SC contents.

  圖3說明了以SC為聚合模板制備的PEDOT:SC 分散液展現優異穩定性和高導電性，凍干后仍可完全再分散，具有更廣的應用范圍。

Figure 4. (a) FTIR spectra of PEDOT:SC?/PAM hydrogels. (b) SEM image of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel. (c) EDS mapping image of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel. Stress–strain curves (d), Tensile strength and Young’s modulus (e), Toughness (f) of PAM and PEDOT:SC?/PAM hydrogels. (g) Cyclic tensile tests of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel under 50–400% strain. (h) Continuous cyclic loading-unloading curves of PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel at 200% strains. (i) Mechanical strength retention of PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel in the 50 loading-unloading cycles at 200% strains.

  圖4說明了所得水凝膠可大幅拉伸并承受高應力，顯示出卓越的韌性和強度。

Figure 5. (a) EIS spectra and (b) electrical conductivity of PAM and PEDOT:SC?/PAM hydrogels. (c) Temperature-dependent conductivity of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel. (d, e) Photographs showing an LED illuminated by the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel at 25?°C and –20?°C, respectively. (f) Photographs of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel demonstrating flexibility, twisting, and stretching at –20?°C. (g) DSC curves of PEDOT:SC?/PAM hydrogels with different SC contents. (h) Stress–strain curves of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel at various temperatures. (i) Conductivity stability of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel after storage at –20?°C for 30 days.

  圖5說明了該水凝膠具有良好的抗凍性能，即使在–20 °C下，水凝膠仍保持良好導電性和可拉伸性。

Figure 6. (a) Photographs of the PEDOT:SC_1.5/PAM hydrogel adhering to various substrates. (b) Schematic illustration of the peel–shear testing setup. (c) Shear adhesion curves of the hydrogel on different substrates. (d) Quantified adhesion strength. (e) Schematic illustration of the adhesion mechanisms between the hydrogel and various substrates.

  圖6驗證了水凝膠在多種基底上表現出強粘附性，可緊密貼附于皮膚、玻璃、金屬等表面。

Figure 7. (a) Relative resistance variation ((R-R₀)/R₀) of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel versus consecutively applied strain underwater. (b) Real-time ((R-R₀)/R₀) of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel with different strains. (c) The resistance change curve for loading and unloading to 100% strain. (d) Response-recovery time of the obtained hydrogel upon stretching-releasing process at a fixed strain of 150%. (e) Relative-time ((R-R₀)/R₀) of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel on consecutive loading and unloading cycles at a 100% strain. Resistance changes during finger bending (f), elbow bending (g), and leg bending (h) were compared at 25°C and ?20°C. (i) Corresponding symbols of Morse code in the alphabet. (j, k) Special words such as “HELP” and “SOS” are generated by the output signals of the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel sensor in emergency situations under 25°C. (l) Radar chart comparing the PEDOT:SC/PAM hydrogel sensor with previously reported hydrogel-based sensors in terms of electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, sensing performance (including fast response time and high GF), strong adhesion, and environmental adaptability.

  圖7驗證了水凝膠作為柔性應變傳感器可靈敏檢測人體動作信號，且在–20 °C 下依然穩定工作，通過彎曲水凝膠實現莫爾斯電碼傳輸，展現其在極端環境下的應急通信潛力。

  該工作以“Tough, Adhesive, and Conductive Hydrogels Enabled by Stabilized PEDOT/Sulfated Cellulose Dispersions for Extreme-Temperature Sensing”為題發表在《Chemical Engineering Journal》上。

  中國林業科學研究院林產化學工業研究所博士研究生謝孝文為論文的第一作者，指導老師王基夫研究員和程增會博士為論文的通訊作者。該工作還得到了儲富祥研究員和王春鵬研究員的支持和深刻指導，及中國林業科學研究院基金項目（CAFYBB2024QG001）和國家自然科學基金項目（32371822）的支持。

  原文鏈接：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.168658