柔性電子產品的快速發展激發了人們對可穿戴應用的極大興趣,特別是那些將柔性電子產品納入紡織品的應用。其中,顯示功能對于柔性可穿戴電子紡織品尤為重要,因為它可以實時顯示來自其他集成器件的信號,增強用戶體驗和交互。
近日,浙江理工大學紡織科學與工程學院(國際絲綢學院)胡毅教授團隊在國際知名期刊Advanced Fiber Materials上(影響因子21.3)在線發表了題為《Fluorescent Dye-Enhanced ACEL Fibers for Omnidirectional Luminescence and Voice-Interactive Human-Machine Interfaces》的研究論文。本研究立足紡織染整領域優勢,創新引入熒光染料實現發光纖維色彩調節,并集成聲音傳感模塊,通過識別語音(英文單詞/句子)和音量(分貝大小)實現柔性可穿戴紡織品的多色顯示。論文DOI:10.1007/s42765-025-00579-w。浙江理工大學紡織科學與工程學院(國際絲綢學院)碩士研究生張英和劉明宇為本文共同第一作者,通訊作者為浙江理工大學博士生導師胡毅教授。

雖然傳統的平面和薄膜可穿戴發光電子器件具有很高的光學和電子性能,但通常它們的透氣性和舒適性有限,導致不太適合長期穿戴。作為紡織品的基本組成部分,纖維具有優異的柔韌性。當編織到織物結構中時,基于纖維的電子元件可以在不影響透氣性的情況下獲得更高的耐久性、靈活性和集成度。
鑒于此,浙江理工大學紡織科學與工程學院(國際絲綢學院)博士生導師胡毅教授課題組報道了一種方法,通過結合共軛靜電紡絲和溶液浸涂技術連續制備多色彩ACEL纖維器件。通過在纖維器件中引入有機熒光染料作為顏色轉換層,實現了寬色域的顏色調制。由此制備的ACEL纖維是智能紡織品應用的理想選擇,因為它在保持優異手感的同時顯示出明亮、均勻和全向的發光性能。這項工作的創新之處在于將ACEL纖維與具備語音和音量識別功能的聲音傳感驅動模塊集成在一起,從而擴大了其在聽障人士通信、高噪聲環境預警和醫療呼吸聲監測等領域的潛在應用。總體而言,該研究為可穿戴光電系統、交互紡織品和多功能電子紡織平臺開辟了新的可能性。
圖 1 ACEL纖維聲音傳感可視化顯示系統的設計、制造及集成

Fig. 1 Design, fabrication, and integration of ACEL fiber-based sound-sensing visual display system. a Schematic diagram of the ACEL fiber preparation process, with an inset showing the luminescent spinning solution composition. b Structural representation of the core-multi-shell ACEL fiber, illustrating its functional layers. c Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the ACEL fiber cross-section, showing the distinct layer structure. d Fluorescence microscopy image of the ACEL fiber cross-section, highlighting the uniform distribution of fluorescent dyes within the color conversion layer. e Example of ACEL fiber integrated into a hand-embroidered “Lion Dance” light-emitting textile pattern. Scale bar, 5 cm. f Luminescent hand-embroidered sentence/word pattern of ACEL fiber used for sound-sensing applications. Scale bar, 5 cm. g A physical image of the sound-sensing EL driver module, designed for speech recognition and volume detection. Scale bar, 1 cm. h Diagram of application scenarios, where the sound sensor captures sound signals to control the light-emitting display of ACEL fibers, facilitating visual barrier-free communication for hearing-impaired individuals.
ACEL纖維的連續制造是通過結合共軛靜電紡絲和溶液浸涂技術來實現的。該制備工藝包括六個關鍵步驟:(I)共軛靜電紡絲發光層,(II)浸涂介質層,(III)包纏銅絲外電極,(IV)等離子體表面改性,(V)浸涂銀納米線(AgNWs)外電極,(VI)浸涂封裝層。所制備的ACEL纖維的總直徑約為855 μm,發光層厚度約為57 μm。
圖 2 ACEL纖維的顏色調節特性

Fig. 2 Color-conditioning properties of ACEL fibers. a Schematic representation of the structure and color-conditioning mechanism of multicolor ACEL fibers. b Absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the FY 3G dye. c Absorption and PL spectra of Rh B dye. d Comparison of electroluminescence (EL) spectra of ACEL fibers with and without the color conversion layer. e CIE coordinates of ACEL fibers with and without the color conversion layer. f Fluorescence microscopy images of ACEL fibers integrated with FY 3G and Rh B color conversion layers. g Visual representation of ACEL fibers exhibiting different colors. Scale bar, 1 cm.
該工作繼團隊前期在多色平面柔性ACEL器件的研究基礎上,介紹了在原始ACEL纖維的ZnS:Cu/PVDF-HFP發光層上浸涂熒光染液的工藝。該策略通過構建顏色轉換層實現多色發射,提高光譜輸出。ZnS:Cu/PVDF-HFP復合微納米纖維的多孔結構使其具有高比表面積,為有機熒光染料分子提供了更多的物理吸附位點,有利于染料分子的物理吸附。這種將熒光染料浸漬在納米纖維發光層上的方法,有利于多色ACEL纖維的連續生產,為未來連續和批量化生產熒光染料增強多色ACEL纖維提供了新的可能性。
圖 3 ACEL纖維的光學性能

Fig. 3 Performance characteristics of ACEL fibers. a Variation in emitted brightness as a function of applied voltage at driving frequencies. b Change in emitted color coordinates within the CIE 1931 color space with frequency variation (at a fixed voltage of 400 V). The black arrow indicates the shift in color coordinates when the applied frequency increases from 1 kHz to 10 kHz. c Emission spectra of ACEL fibers at different driving frequencies (1-10 kHz) under a fixed voltage of 400 V. d Optical images of ACEL fibers at different applied voltages (with a fixed frequency of 5 kHz). Scale bar, 5 cm. e Optical images of ACEL fibers at different applied frequencies (with a fixed voltage of 300 V). Scale bar, 5 cm. f Temperature variation profiles of ACEL fibers during operation, with the inset showing the corresponding infrared thermography. Scale bar, 0.5 cm. g Dependence of luminescence brightness on the observation angle, with the inset displaying the schematic of the test angle. h ACEL fiber in a knotted configuration, with the inset showing its SEM image. Scale bar, 1 cm.
系統探究了無顏色轉換層ACEL纖維在不同驅動電壓和頻率下的電致發光特性。ACEL纖維的電致發光亮度隨交流電壓的增加而顯著增加。在固定的5 kHz驅動頻率下,當驅動電壓從200 V增加到700 V時,纖維發光亮度從12.95 cd/m2增大到206.20 cd/m2。此外,增加驅動電壓的頻率也會顯著提高器件的亮度。除了影響發光強度外,驅動頻率還會引起ACEL纖維EL光譜的顯著偏移。具體來說,在400 V恒定電壓下,將頻率從1 kHz增加到10 kHz,會導致EL發射峰出現明顯的藍移,從502 nm過渡到462 nm。這種光譜偏移對應了從綠色到藍色的可見顏色轉換,在含有顏色轉換層的ACEL纖維中同樣存在類似的現象。這些發現強調了ACEL纖維通過熒光染料集成實現顏色調制和通過頻率控制實現動態顏色調諧的雙重能力,為可定制的光電應用提供了一條有前景的途徑。
圖 4 ACEL織物的耐久性能

Fig. 4 Performance and durability of ACEL fabrics. (Scale bar, 1 cm. Data presented as mean ± SD, N=3) a Schematic illustration of the plain weave structure of ACEL fabrics. b Durability test results, inset: photographs of ACEL fabric before and after 96 hours of continuous electroluminescence operation. c Bending test, inset: photographs of ACEL fabrics at bending ratios of 0 and 50 %. d Tensile test results, inset: photograph of ACEL fabric under tensile deformation. e Compression test, inset: photograph showing ACEL fabric compressed by a 500 g weight. f Washing test, inset: photograph of ACEL fabric before and after washing for 180 minutes. g Double 85 wet-hot test, inset: interface displaying the parameter settings of the constant temperature and humidity chamber. h Sweat resistance test, inset: photograph of ACEL fabric immersed in synthetic sweat.
為了評估ACEL纖維的可加工性和紡織集成度,使用小型織機織造平紋ACEL織物,織物樣品尺寸約3 cm × 5 cm。平紋編織結構保證了纖維均勻分布和在機械變形下保持纖維電致發光的穩定性。制作完成后,進行了一系列的穩定性和耐久性評估,以驗證ACEL織物在可穿戴電子紡織品中的實際適用性。大量的耐久性測試證實了ACEL纖維的機械和環境穩定性。具體來說,用ACEL纖維編織的發光織物在連續運行100小時后,其亮度保持了91.6%;1000次彎曲、拉伸和壓縮循環測試后,亮度保持率分別為97.2%、96.1%和97.5%;經過多次標準洗滌循環后,纖維的亮度保持了92.3%;經過72小時的雙85濕熱測試(85°C, 85% RH)后亮度保持了94.8%;經過72小時的耐汗液測試后亮度保持了91.3%。
圖 5 ACEL纖維在智能紡織品和交互系統中的應用

Fig. 5 Applications of ACEL fibers in intelligent textiles and interactive systems. a Auspicious knots are woven using ACEL fibers. Scale bar, 1 cm. b Hand-embroidered outline of the “Lion Dance” pattern, incorporating traditional cultural elements, using ACEL fibers. Scale bar, 5 cm. c Hand-embroidered monogram with color-blocking effects created using ACEL fibers. Scale bar, 1 cm. d Electronic garments incorporating ACEL fiber weaving patterns and embedded fiber batteries. Scale bar, 5 cm. e Block diagram of a sound sensor integrated with an ACEL device for voice recognition and volume detection. f Schematic of the external functional division of an intelligent e-garment with a visual display system for sound sensing. Scale bar, 5 cm. g Hand-embroidered word patterns using ACEL fibers, which alternate illumination based on changes in sound intensity. Scale bar, 1 cm. h Schematic diagram of barrier-free communication for the hearing impaired enabled by a smart electronic garment with a sound-sensing visual display system. Scale bar, 5 cm. i Precise word/sentence illumination controlled by voice recognition in a smart electronic garment equipped with a sound-sensing visual display system. Scale bar, 5 cm.
為了進一步探索ACEL纖維的多功能性和色彩多樣性,采用傳統編織和手工刺繡技術制作了“吉祥結”、“ZSTU”和“醒獅”等發光顯示圖案。還將ACEL纖維手工刺繡成校徽圖案,并使用課題組前期報道的纖維電池為其供電。將發光和電源模塊集成到服裝中,展示了ACEL纖維與可穿戴紡織品的無縫集成。此外,將ACEL纖維手工刺繡成基于文本的圖案,并與聲音傳感EL驅動模塊集成,構建聲音傳感顯示系統。利用該驅動模塊的英語語音識別和聲音分貝檢測功能,該系統可以有效地將準確識別的聲音信號轉換為各種應用的視覺反饋。該系統在輔助通信技術方面具有很大的前景,例如為聽障人士提供聲音可視化顯示,以及在特殊工作場所進行環境噪聲監測,以提供噪音超標的視覺警報。此外,該系統還可在醫院環境中監測特定的聲音(例如,咳嗽或喘息),為醫療專業人員提供實時可視化健康預警。
小結:本研究成功地展示了結合共軛靜電紡絲和溶液浸涂技術連續制備多色彩ACEL纖維器件的方法。ACEL纖維在保持優異手感的同時顯示出明亮、均勻和全向的發光性能。大量的耐久性測試證實了ACEL纖維的機械和環境穩定性。通過將ACEL纖維與具備語音和音量識別的聲音傳感驅動模塊集成在一起,從而擴大了其在聽障人士通信、高噪聲環境預警和醫療呼吸聲監測等領域的潛在應用。
在此,感謝浙江省自然科學基金項目(LY21E030023)和浙江理工大學嵊州創新研究院基金項目(SYY2024C000008)的支持!
通訊作者簡介
胡毅,男,博士,教授,博士生導師。浙江理工大學紡織科學與工程學院(國際絲綢學院)副院長,主要從事非水介質染整新技術和柔性電子智能紡織品研究。以第一作者或通訊作者在Advanced Functional Materials, Energy Storage Materials, Advanced Fiber Materials, Nano Letters, Nano Energy,Chemical Engineering Journal等刊物上發表SCI論文70余篇,授權和轉化國家發明專利30余項。獲得國家級教學成果二等獎和浙江省教學成果特等獎各1項;主持獲得中國紡織工業聯合會教學成果一、二、三等獎,浙江省自然科學獎三等獎和中國商業聯合會科技進步獎二等獎各1項。
原文鏈接:https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-025-00579-w