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Graphene has been successfully applied to the field of polymer laser patterning. As an efficient 1064 nm near-infrared (NIR) pulsed laser absorber, the graphene prepared by the mechanical exfoliation of only 0.005 wt% (50 ppm) endowed polymer materials with a very good performance of NIR pulsed laser patterning. Optical microscopy observed that the generated black patterns came from the local discoloration of the polymer surface subject to the laser irradiation, and the depth of the discoloration layer were determined within 221-348 μm. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the polymer surface discoloration was contributed from the local carbonization of polymers caused by graphene due to its high photothermal conversion capacity. Raman depth imaging successfully detected that the generated carbon in the discoloration layer was composed of the amorphous carbon and the complex sp/sp2-carbon compounds containing C≡C or conjugated C=C/C≡C structures. This study also provides a simple guideline to fabricate laser-patterning polymer materials based on graphene. We believe that graphene has broad application prospects in the field of polymer laser patterning. Importantly, this work opens up a valuable feasible direction for the practical application of this new carbon material.